3 results
Childhood adversities characterize the heterogeneity in the brain pattern of individuals during neurodevelopment
- Rajan Kashyap, Bharath Holla, Sagarika Bhattacharjee, Eesha Sharma, Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta, Nilakshi Vaidya, Rose Dawn Bharath, Pratima Murthy, Debashish Basu, Subodh Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya, Rajkumar Lenin Singh, Roshan Lourembam, Amit Chakrabarti, Kamakshi Kartik, Kartik Kalyanram, Kalyanaraman Kumaran, Ghattu Krishnaveni, Murali Krishna, Rebecca Kuriyan, Sunita Simon Kurpad, Sylvane Desrivieres, Meera Purushottam, Gareth Barker, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Matthew Hickman, Jon Heron, Mireille Toledano, Gunter Schumann, Vivek Benegal, for the Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA)
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2024, pp. 1-13
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Background
Several factors shape the neurodevelopmental trajectory. A key area of focus in neurodevelopmental research is to estimate the factors that have maximal influence on the brain and can tip the balance from typical to atypical development.
MethodsUtilizing a dissimilarity maximization algorithm on the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) of the resting state functional MRI data, we classified subjects from the cVEDA neurodevelopmental cohort (n = 987, aged 6–23 years) into homogeneously patterned DMD (representing typical development in 809 subjects) and heterogeneously patterned DMD (indicative of atypical development in 178 subjects).
ResultsSignificant DMD differences were primarily identified in the default mode network (DMN) regions across these groups (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). While the groups were comparable in cognitive performance, the atypical group had more frequent exposure to adversities and faced higher abuses (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Upon evaluating brain-behavior correlations, we found that correlation patterns between adversity and DMN dynamic modes exhibited age-dependent variations for atypical subjects, hinting at differential utilization of the DMN due to chronic adversities.
ConclusionAdversities (particularly abuse) maximally influence the DMN during neurodevelopment and lead to the failure in the development of a coherent DMN system. While DMN's integrity is preserved in typical development, the age-dependent variability in atypically developing individuals is contrasting. The flexibility of DMN might be a compensatory mechanism to protect an individual in an abusive environment. However, such adaptability might deprive the neural system of the faculties of normal functioning and may incur long-term effects on the psyche.
Risk clustering and psychopathology from a multi-center cohort of Indian children, adolescents, and young adults
- Debasish Basu, Abhishek Ghosh, Chandrima Naskar, Srinivas Balachander, Gwen Fernandes, Nilakshi Vaidya, Kalyanaraman Kumaran, Murali Krishna, Gareth J. Barker, Eesha Sharma, Pratima Murthy, Bharath Holla, Sanjeev Jain, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Kartik Kalyanram, Meera Purushottam, Rose Dawn Bharath, Mathew Varghese, Kandavel Thennarasu, Amit Chakrabarti, Rajkumar Lenin Singh, Roshan Lourembam Singh, Subodh Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya, Chirag Kamal Ahuja, Kamakshi Kartik, Ghattu Krishnaveni, Rebecca Kuriyan, Sunita Simon Kurpad, Sylvane Desrivieres, Udita Iyengar, Yuning Zhang, Matthew Hickman, Alex Spiers, Mireille Toledano, Gunter Schumann, Vivek Benegal
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / May 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2022, pp. 800-808
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Developmental adversities early in life are associated with later psychopathology. Clustering may be a useful approach to group multiple diverse risks together and study their relation with psychopathology. To generate risk clusters of children, adolescents, and young adults, based on adverse environmental exposure and developmental characteristics, and to examine the association of risk clusters with manifest psychopathology. Participants (n = 8300) between 6 and 23 years were recruited from seven sites in India. We administered questionnaires to elicit history of previous exposure to adverse childhood environments, family history of psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives, and a range of antenatal and postnatal adversities. We used these variables to generate risk clusters. Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-5 was administered to evaluate manifest psychopathology. Two-step cluster analysis revealed two clusters designated as high-risk cluster (HRC) and low-risk cluster (LRC), comprising 4197 (50.5%) and 4103 (49.5%) participants, respectively. HRC had higher frequencies of family history of mental illness, antenatal and neonatal risk factors, developmental delays, history of migration, and exposure to adverse childhood experiences than LRC. There were significantly higher risks of any psychiatric disorder [Relative Risk (RR) = 2.0, 95% CI 1.8–2.3], externalizing (RR = 4.8, 95% CI 3.6–6.4) and internalizing disorders (RR = 2.6, 95% CI 2.2–2.9), and suicidality (2.3, 95% CI 1.8–2.8) in HRC. Social-environmental and developmental factors could classify Indian children, adolescents and young adults into homogeneous clusters at high or low risk of psychopathology. These biopsychosocial determinants of mental health may have practice, policy and research implications for people in low- and middle-income countries.
Alcohol-related cue-reactivity predicts abstinence duration in individuals with severe alcohol-use disorders
- S. Karthik, B. Holla, R.D. Bharath, G. Venkatasubramaniyan, V. Benegal
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. s877
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Introduction
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is an important global public health problem with complex aetiology and relapsing remitting course. Clinical measures of alcohol dependence severity and alcohol-craving, are largely unreliable in identifying individuals at high-risk for relapse. Functional human neuroimaging methods that employ symptom provocation paradigms have shown promise in identifying critical brain regions with cue-elicited alcohol-craving response.
ObjectiveThe present study aimed at examining the utility of fMRI cue-reactivity (CR) in predicting relapse risk.
MethodsThe study was conducted on inpatients of a tertiary care neuropsychiatric hospital. Thirty-two treatment-seeking right-handed men were recruited for the study after informed consent. Following detoxification and 3-day drug-washout period, they underwent a task-based fMRI while viewing images of alcohol-related and control cues presented to them using a previously validated fMRI paradigm. All patients received anti-craving medications (baclofen: 60–80 mg/d, n = 16; naltrexone: 50–100 mg/d, n = 16) and were prospectively followed-up till their first alcohol lapse.
ResultsRandom-effect analysis using one-sample test revealed significant CR to alcohol-related cues (relative to implicit baseline) with activation in salience-reward related regions [insula, cingulate, dorsal striatum (DS)], visual-attention regions [occipito-temporal] and deactivation of default-mode regions [posterior cingulate (PCC)] (all significant at PFWE < 0.05, whole-brain corrected). Cox-proportional hazard regressions revealed that greater CR in Insula (Chi2 = 10.33; P = 0.001; HR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.5–6.3) and DS (Chi2 = 10.87; P = 0.001; HR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.5–5.2) predicts faster subsequent time to first drink after accounting for the role of clinical measures.
ConclusionThese findings indicate that CR can serve as potential marker to identify individuals at high-risk for relapse. Further examination of intervention-related CR change may aid in personalizing treatment of AUD.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.